Red deer

West european red deer — © Zveriki.com, AI-generated image based on the original work of Emőke Dénes, Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0
Mass
99315–143693 g
Length
1000–1500 mm
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west-european-red-deer
en
west european red deer
Cervus elaphus
172
The noble deer is a large mammal with branched antlers in males. It lives in the forests of Europe and Asia and feeds only on plants.
nipping grass and stripping branches
trophic:herbivore
#dddcd4
Mass (adult deer, female)
90000–170000 g
Mass (adult deer, male)
150000–240000 g
Mass (embryo)
0–8000 g
Mass (fawn)
7000–50000 g
Length (fawn)
700–1000 mm
Length (adult deer, male)
1200–1500 mm
Length (adult deer, female)
1000–1300 mm
Lifespan maximum
11505 days 31 years 6 months
Theoretical lifespan
5753–11505 days 16–32 years
Gestation
245 days 8 months 1 week
Litter size
1–2
Maturity
730–1460 days 2–4 years
Offspring
1–2
Repro interval
365–730 days 1–2 years
Hooves count (fawn)
4
Tail count (adult deer)
1
Hooves count (adult deer)
4
Antlers count (adult deer, male)
2
Tail size (adult deer)
150–250 mm
Hooves size (fawn)
40–60 mm
Hooves size (adult deer)
70–110 mm
Antlers size (adult deer, male)
700–1200 mm
Reproduction
normal sexual
Comparable in mass
Refrigerator
Realm
Nearctic realm
Biome
Flooded grasslands
Biome
Temperate steppe
Biome
Taiga
Biome
Temperate mixed forest
Biome
Tundra
Realm
Palearctic realm
Landscape
terrestrial forest
Climate
Warm summer and lots of rain
Landscape
terrestrial
Climate
Cool summer and lots of rain
Biome
Warm summer and lots of rain
Biome
Cool summer and lots of rain
Climate
Always very wet
Landscape
terrestrial intertidal
Climate
Pleasant summer
Climate
Warm summer
Climate
Warm summer with almost no rain
Climate
Steppe
Climate
Lots of rain and warm summer
Climate
Lots of rain and cool summer
Climate
Winter with snow
Climate
Very cold winter and hot summer
Climate
Summer from cool to warm
Climate
Cool summer
Climate
Cold and almost dry
Climate
Hot steppe
Climate
Very dry
Biome
Lots of rain and cool summer
Climate
Tundra
Food environment
terrestrial
Food environment
arboreal
Shelter
no permanent shelter
Trophic type
herbivore
Reproduction
live birth
Reproduction
land
Physiology
The deer sheds twice a year. In spring, the thick winter coat is replaced by short red summer fur. In autumn, warm winter fur grows back.
5752.6875
11505.375
1000.0
1500.0
99314.92173959226
143692.5088058529
The deer sheds twice a year. In spring, the thick winter coat is replaced by short red summer fur. In autumn, warm winter fur grows back.
-1
-1
Antlers color
homogamy, reproduction always with fertilization, no alternation of generations
Worker
Tail size
Were {name} like {animal}, then:
birth time
Dogs, dolphins, lynx hang out for 9-25 years and party on their birthday three times a year
m
Map
will celebrate their {n} birthday
g
summer mild, +15…+20 °C
lots of rain, warm summer, snow in winter
t
When your next jubilee falls in {name} life years
Human
tree shoots
very cold, short summer, almost no trees, lots of moss
days
Warm summer
How old you would be if you lived as {name}
Theoretical maximum lifespan estimated from the Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) mathematical model. This value reflects a biological potential derived from metabolic parameters, not from direct observation — real recorded lifespans are often significantly shorter.
adult deer
Maturity
Refrigerator
fungi
About health
milk
When your next birthday would fall if you lived as {name}
Repro interval
results
summer warm and almost no rain
land coast flooded by tides — salt marshes, littoral zone
protection from predators
summer warm, winter not very cold
Colors
Cool summer
Sex
Upcoming jubilees
Gremllins
mo
rains are very rare, almost a desert
Trophic type
Filters
nipping grass and stripping branches
Captures or processes food by biting or nipping with the mouth.
summer very hot, dry, lots of grass
Tail count
Palearctic realm
young shoots and sprouts
leaves
grass
Upcoming birthdays
Winter with snow
Truly long lives: 40-100 years. Bowhead whales, albatrosses, giant tortoises recall their birthday at most once a year
Lifespan
leaf
tongue
rains almost always, very humid
young are born live on land, not hatched from eggs or roe
bark
Age (juvenile)
Age (from birth to death)
Age (embryo)
most of Europe and Asia, various forests, steppes and tundra
Wanderers
Hooves count
Jubilee = every 10th birthday
More:
Tundra
Earliest developmental stage inside an egg or womb.
Business sausages
Very cold winter and hot summer
Lifespan average
leaves
Regeneration
live birth
What do they look like?
Maturity
emergence (insects)
end of lifespan
How do they live?
fertilization / egg laying
mycophagy, feed on fungi
How do they behave?
birth / hatching
metamorphosis / end of larval stage
end of acceleration
Share
Find a pet...
Mature, fully developed individual capable of reproduction.
very cold winter and very hot summer
Pets
snow humid cool
Nearctic realm
biting
Lots of rain and cool summer
Hot steppe
Feeding occurs primarily on land or in vegetation.
{name} jubilee
cm
Summer from cool to warm
Old-timers
Find an animal or breed...
bark
turns
Rascals
terrestrial forest
terrestrial intertidal
Tail color
Flooded grasslands
drink mother's milk in childhood
acorns
Forages on tree limbs or woody stems within vegetation.
Litter size
Map data sources: Ecosystem classification — IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology (Keith et al., 2022), indicative distribution maps Keith et al. (2020), https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3546513; Large Marine Ecosystems — NOAA LME Program; Bathymetry — GEBCO Bathymetric Compilation Group (2026), GEBCO_2026 Grid, https://doi.org/10.5285/4f68d5c7-45eb-f999-e063-7086abc036fa; Climate data — Generated using Copernicus Climate Change Service information; Species occurrence data — GBIF.org, Derived dataset "all animals", https://zveriki.com/dataset/dataset.tsv; Terrestrial ecoregions — RESOLVE Ecoregions 2017 (Dinerstein et al., 2017), CC BY 4.0
temperate forest
How to care for them?
Living from 25 to 40 years. Orangutans, bald eagles, African elephants celebrate their birthday twice a year
grazing
°C
Not specified
Share
warm temperate humid cool
Where are they found?
Species lacks any fixed or lasting shelter structure.
steppe
Antlers count
herbivore
lots of rain, cool summer, snow in winter
Feeds by cropping or nibbling low-growing vegetation or algae.
Legendary longevity: over 100 years. Galapagos tortoises, Greenland sharks, ocean quahogs celebrate with family once every 4 years
Offspring
Elders
leaves and stems of grasses and other herbaceous vegetation
Bro
normal sexual
Taxons
if born as {name}
Foraging takes place among trees and woody vegetation.
cold, short summer, almost no trees
age
birth date
no permanent shelter
Palearctic realm
rest
Fur color
Close
was
Career from 7 to 15 months. Dwarf hamsters, voles, field crickets celebrate their birthday twice a month
The basics
bark and bast of trees and shrubs
climbing
My weight?
Non-stop carnival: they only live a few days. Mayflies, rotifers, midges celebrate their birthday more than twice a day
primary food sources
teeth
bark
after transformation until death
Potential Habitat
lots of grass, few trees, rains are rare
d
In husbandry
On the go from 1.3 to 3.5 years. Forest mice, anoles, rainbow fish party on their birthday once a month
lots of rain, summer not hot
Mass
young shoots and leaves of plants
cold winter, lots of coniferous trees: spruce, pine
Mosquitoes, fruit flies, small crustaceans hustle for up to 7 months and throw a birthday party every week
terrestrial
Plants
Gestation
land
{name} birthday
Food is gathered directly from leaf surfaces.
Nearctic realm
grass
Link copied
No results found
North America and Greenland, from tundra to forests
On the map
young shoots, sprouts, green plant shoots
Pleasant summer
Female ♀
all life stages
Cold and almost dry
Map data sources: Ecosystem classification — IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology (Keith et al., 2022), indicative distribution maps Keith et al. (2020), https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3546513; Large Marine Ecosystems — NOAA LME Program; Bathymetry — GEBCO Bathymetric Compilation Group (2026), GEBCO_2026 Grid, https://doi.org/10.5285/4f68d5c7-45eb-f999-e063-7086abc036fa; Climate data — Generated using Copernicus Climate Change Service information; Species occurrence data — GBIF.org, Derived dataset "all animals", https://zveriki.com/dataset/dataset.tsv; Terrestrial ecoregions — RESOLVE Ecoregions 2017 (Dinerstein et al., 2017), CC BY 4.0 Potential habitat modelled from GBIF occurrence data. Map © Zveriki.com, licensed under CC BY 4.0.
warm temperate humid
birth year
lots of grass, few trees, rains occur
Maturity
terrestrial habitat, land surface outside water
sq mm
yr
nuts
comfortable summer, +20…+25 °C
Hooves color
How similar?
Male ♂
until the celebration
fawn
Tundra
age as {name}
How do they breed?
On the go from 3.5 to 6 years. Hedgehogs, crows, lizards treat themselves to birthday snacks 6 times a year
What if eaten?
Very dry
Neither
Moving up vertical surfaces like trunks or rocks to reach food.
Young offspring still dependent on parental care.
What do they eat?
dry and cold almost all year round
Where do they live?
Lots of rain and warm summer
much snow in winter, cold
Hard dental structures used to bite, tear, or scrape food.
forests on land — tropical, temperate, boreal
water often floods the land, lots of grass
branch
Temperate mixed forest
Duration
This is me
Warm summer with almost no rain
most of Europe and Asia, various forests, steppes and tundra
Steppe
Always very wet
Gamers
How are they built?
Cool summer and lots of rain
Temperate steppe
Hooves size
mm
Theoretical lifespan
ml
Stars
Link copied
My age?
wk
My size?
terrestrial
Taiga
Antlers size
Asexual
swap
Who among us will transform as if by magic and become like {animal}?
Rabbits, falcons, red-eared turtles hang out for 6-9 years and party on their birthday four times a year
Where do they take shelter?
Denotes a grassland or steppe habitat preference.
Warm summer and lots of rain
inhabit and develop on land, outside water bodies
celebrated their {n} birthday
When you would have been born if you lived as {name}
Daddies
Lifespan maximum
summer not hot, from +15 to +25 °C
47 to 74 kilograms, 1.2 – 2.8 meters
Hermaphrodite ⚥
Uses the tongue to locate, manipulate, or ingest food items.
North America and Greenland, from tundra to forests
embryo
summer warm, many oaks, birches, maples
Length
kg
lots of rain, warm and pleasant summer
arboreal
Observations
hard nuts — acorns, hazelnuts, pine nuts
◉{N} more on tap
fawn
pupa
imago
adolescent
adolescent
west-european-red-deer
blagorodnyj-olen
n-cib-maral
ayl-ahmr
alen-vysakarodny
azniv-egjeru
akashika
k-etilshobili-iremi
blagorodnyj-olen
malsaseum
bugu
jelen
z-vykly-bolan
maral
ma-lu
  • The voice of the elk includes a variety of sounds, but the most accurate description is "trumpet-like," as it is closest in sound to a trumpet.
  • The noble elk, accustomed to humans from an early age, returns to the hunters' dwelling when in danger, for example, during wolf attacks or the mass appearance of biting flies.
  • The elk licks salt and gnaws at the ground to replenish its mineral reserves.
  • The elk (Cervus elaphus) can live 25–30 years in captivity, whereas in the wild its age usually ranges from 12–14 years.
  • The voice of the elk includes a variety of sounds, from raspy to low and drawn-out, resembling mooing.
  • The European elk's antlers have a large number of tines, while moose antlers are massive and produce 6–7 tines.
  • Currently, the elk is numerous in the Voronezh and Khoper Reserves, and also occurs in other forests of Lipetsk and Voronezh regions.
  • Elk subspecies differ in size and weight. For example, maral and wapiti weigh more than 300 kg and reach body lengths of more than 2.5 m, while the Bukhara elk weighs less than 100 kg and has a body length of 75–90 cm.
  • Deer live in herds, but males are often solitary outside the season.
  • During the rut males produce a characteristic roar.

Age

  • The elk (Cervus elaphus) can live 25–30 years in captivity, whereas in the wild its age usually ranges from 12–14 years.

Phenotype

  • The European elk's antlers have a large number of tines, while moose antlers are massive and produce 6–7 tines.
  • Elk subspecies differ in size and weight. For example, maral and wapiti weigh more than 300 kg and reach body lengths of more than 2.5 m, while the Bukhara elk weighs less than 100 kg and has a body length of 75–90 cm.

Size

  • Elk subspecies differ in size and weight. For example, maral and wapiti weigh more than 300 kg and reach body lengths of more than 2.5 m, while the Bukhara elk weighs less than 100 kg and has a body length of 75–90 cm.

Geography

  • Currently, the elk is numerous in the Voronezh and Khoper Reserves, and also occurs in other forests of Lipetsk and Voronezh regions.
  • The voice of the elk includes a variety of sounds, but the most accurate description is "trumpet-like," as it is closest in sound to a trumpet.
  • The noble elk, accustomed to humans from an early age, returns to the hunters' dwelling when in danger, for example, during wolf attacks or the mass appearance of biting flies.
  • The voice of the elk includes a variety of sounds, from raspy to low and drawn-out, resembling mooing.
  • Deer live in herds, but males are often solitary outside the season.
  • During the rut males produce a characteristic roar.

In Husbandry

  • The elk licks salt and gnaws at the ground to replenish its mineral reserves.